000007541 001__ 7541 000007541 005__ 20241024114656.0 000007541 02470 $$2doi$$a10.24868/BWTC6.2017.010 000007541 035__ $$a1456811 000007541 037__ $$aGENERAL 000007541 245__ $$aThe case for using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method in ballast water management system type approval testing 000007541 269__ $$a2017-01-13 000007541 336__ $$aConference Proceedings 000007541 520__ $$aRecently, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) rejected the Serial Dilution Culture-Most Probable Number (SDC-MPN) method for enumerating viable phytoplankton cells in ballast water discharge as an alternate to their prescribed method — the Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Protocol. This method distinguishes living from dead organisms using vital stains and motility. Succinctly, the USCG position has been that the ETV Protocol is a reliable and repeatable efficacy test and the SDC-MPN method is not. New evidence and an expanded consideration of published research supports a fundamentally different assessment. A peer-reviewed quantitative evaluation of ETV vital stains for 24 species of phytoplankton has conclusively established that the ETV Protocol, even with observations of motility, is not reliable for all species. In contrast, published results suggest that errors in the method were small for the limited number of locations studied to date. It is possible that the communities tested in these were dominated by species that can be classified accurately using vital stains. Even so, it must be acknowledged that the reliability and accuracy of vital stains is untested for thousands of species of phytoplankton. Introduced in 1951, the SDC-MPN method for phytoplankton is an established approach for use with multi-species communities. As applied to ballast water testing, SDC-MPN is much less vulnerable to methodological uncertainties than has been assumed. Notably, all species of phytoplankton need not be cultured in the conventional sense. Rather, a single viable cell in a dilution tube need grow only enough to be detected — a requirement known to have been met by otherwise uncultured species. Further, delayed restoration of viability after treatment with ultraviolet radiation (UV) is not a problem: organisms repair UV damage quickly or not at all, consistent with the assumptions of the test. Two critical methodological failures could compromise protection of the environment in ballast water testing: living organisms that do not stain or move, and viable organisms that do not grow to detection in the MPN cultures. These can be assessed with complementary measurements, but importantly, the relative protection of each method can be evaluated by comparing counts of living cells from the ETV Protocol with counts of viable cell from SDC-MPN in untreated samples. Available evidence provides no basis for concluding that either method is consistently less protective. However, as applied in ballast water testing, the statistical estimate of MPN is less precise. On this basis, SDC-MPN is worse for a single test. But, counter-intuitively, it is more protective of the environment when five consecutive tests must be passed for type approval, because the likelihood of one false rejection out of five tests is higher and five false passes would be exceedingly rare. Addressing only the science, we conclude that both the ETV Protocol and the SDC-MPN method, though imperfect, are currently appropriate for assessing the efficacy of ballast water management systems in a type-approval testing regime. In closing, we show proof of concept for a rapid assay of viability, benchmarked against SDC-MPN, that could be well suited for routine assessment of treatment system performance. 000007541 542__ $$fCC-BY-NC-ND-4.0 000007541 6531_ $$aBallast water management 000007541 6531_ $$aMEPC 000007541 6531_ $$amotility 000007541 6531_ $$aUSCG 000007541 6531_ $$aviability 000007541 6531_ $$avital stains 000007541 7001_ $$aCullen, John J.$$uDepartment of Oceanography, Dalhousie University 000007541 7001_ $$aMacIntyre, Hugh L$$uDepartment of Oceanography, Dalhousie University 000007541 773__ $$jBWTC 2017 000007541 773__ $$tConference Proceedings of BWTC 000007541 789__ $$whttps://zenodo.org/record/1456811$$2URL$$eIsIdenticalTo 000007541 8564_ $$9478bbdb0-4912-4d32-92da-b9dfa8a078fa$$s391919$$uhttps://library.imarest.org/record/7541/files/10_24868BWTC6_2017_010.pdf