@article{GENERAL,
      recid = {11140},
      author = {Belvisi, D and Maloberti, L and Zaccone, R and Figari, M},
      title = {Battery Energy Storage System Sizing Strategy for Naval  Vessels through Multi-Objective Optimisation},
      journal = {Conference Proceedings of iSCSS},
      address = {2024-11-05},
      number = {GENERAL},
      abstract = {Naval ship design must balance multiple conflicting  requirements, including the need for fast response times  and high speeds, often leading to large and complex hybrid  propulsion systems.
At the same time, the decarbonisation  of ship operations and the shipping industry has become one  of the most concerning topics for the maritime  community.
Even if the military sector has not been driven  yet by this regulatory framework, decarbonisation is also  becoming a hot topic for the navies.
Additionally,  short-term power loads encompass numerous demanding  applications.
The impact of this type of load on the  performance of the shipboard power system influences power  quality, and load levelling has been proven to be one of  the critical power management strategies for new naval  shipboard electric plants.
Furthermore, decarbonisation and  electric pulse management require pervasive automation  systems to balance reduced crew sizes effectively.
In  recent years, Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have  emerged as effective tools for reducing greenhouse gas  emissions, as well as for load levelling and peak shaving.  These systems support power management strategies,  addressing conflicting naval ship design requirements and  optimising these critical concerns.
BESS-based hybrid  propulsion is a promising solution for enhancing the energy  efficiency of naval ships. It has been proven to be a  reliable and flexible design option for improving the power  quality of the electric grid. However, BESS requires space,  weight tolerance, and cost expenditures to match all other  military operational requirements in one convenient,  optimal shipboard power plant.
The paper outlines an  optimisation-based approach to size a BESS-based hybrid  propulsion architecture for naval ships, primarily focusing  on reducing environmental footprint, increasing efficiency,  and improving power grid reliability. The optimisation aims  to minimise the ship exhaust emissions in terms of  equivalent CO2.
The frontline ship type case study has been  analysed while manoeuvring in restricted waters and deep  seas in a given pseudo-random operating condition extracted  from actual data, showing potential interest in a new,  energy-efficient, and resilient solution.
For comprehensive  benchmarking, the case study has been further examined and  discussed with different sizing configurations, and each  case study has been ranked with a set of Key Performance  Indicators (KPIs). The study shows that, despite the  increasing size and weight of the BESS to reduce fuel  consumption, analysing different solutions with a  model-based strategy for the hybrid plant gives interesting  trade-offs during the design phase while leaving space for  new research directions.},
      url = {http://library.imarest.org/record/11140},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.24868/11140},
}